Ch.2 Linguistic Aspects

📋 목차

① CAH & Transfer

② Interlanguage

③ Error Types

④ Corrective Feedback

⑤ Uptake & Output

⑥ Modified Input

⑦ Display Q / IRE·IRF

키워드 ★★★ 최빈출 ★★ 빈출 ★ 기본개념 부키워드

📝 기출분석 포인트

① Recast — 엄청 빈출! implicit 특성, communicative flow 유지, positive+negative evidence, 학습자가 오해 가능

② Source of error: intralingual(overgeneralization) vs interlingual(interference) 구분 필수

③ Interlanguage 발달단계 4단계 + fossilization 조건 알기

④ Clarification request — self-repair 유도, communication breakdown 가능, 가장 효과적

⑤ Metalinguistic feedback = correct form 포함 X / Elicitation = 'We are...?' 형태 대표적

⑥ Display Q vs Referential Q 빈출 / Uptake successful/unsuccessful 구분

🔀 ① Contrastive Analysis & Transfer ★★ 빈출 ▼

Types of Transfer

Positive transfer

L1 facilitates L2 learningL1/L2 similar → easy

Negative transfer

L1 interferes with L2interference (interlingual)

Interference = Interlingual

L1 규칙 → L2에 잘못 적용e.g. 'see an exam'

Overgeneralization = Intralingual

L2 규칙을 과잉 일반화e.g. 'I goed to school'

Avoidance

L1에 없는 구조 → 사용 회피

Overuse

L1에 있는 표현 → 부자연스럽게 과용

Strong vs Weak CAH 기출 포인트

Strong version

L1–L2 대조 → 오류 사전 예측 어려운 항목 중심 교수 L1 오류만 설명 가능

Weak version

오류 사후 분석 cross-linguistic influence 강조 L1, L2 오류 모두 설명

🔄 ② Interlanguage ★★★ 최빈출 ▼

특징

Interlanguage: An intermediate system between L1 and TL — systematic, variable, dynamic. Own unique, coherent rule system.

📋 기출 이력

2010 Q21 — 중간 언어 화석화 현상(interlanguage, fossilization)

2011 Q21 — 중간 언어 오류 유형 분류

2012 Q21 — 중간 언어 과잉 일반화와 단순화

2025 A-8 — interlanguage, semantic deviation, number of arguments

Developmental Stages ★★★

Stage	특징	Self-correction
Presystematic	random errors · vague rule awareness	❌
Emergent	some consistency · backsliding · uptake ❌	❌ (with feedback)
Systematic	consistent · uptake ✅	✅ (with feedback)
Stabilization	few errors · fossilization 가능	✅ (without feedback)

Backsliding: 규칙을 이해한 것 같지만 이전 단계로 퇴행하는 현상 (emergent stage)

Restructuring: interlanguage 발달 과정에서의 질적 변화

Fossilization 기출 포인트

Fossilization: relatively permanent incorporation of incorrect linguistic forms into L2 competence.

원인: ① lack of negative feedback ② insensitivity to feedback ③ positive feedback이 오류 강화 ④ too much automatization

예방: explicit corrective feedback으로 오류 인식 유도

📋 기출 이력

2010 Q21 — 중간 언어 화석화 현상(interlanguage, fossilization)

2023 A-1 — backsliding, U-shaped development, overgeneralization, fossilization

U-shaped Learning

📋 기출 이력

2023 A-1 — backsliding, U-shaped development, overgeneralization, fossilization

e.g. went → goed → went (overgeneralization 후 회복)

❗ ③ Error Types ★★ 빈출 ▼

Source of Error ★★★ 구분 필수

Source	Type	예시
Interference	Interlingual (L1→L2)	'see an exam', 'do a shower'
Overgeneralization	Intralingual (L2 내)	'I goed', 'She cried-ed'
Induced error	Context of learning	teacher 잘못된 설명, textbook
Communication-based	Communication strategies	'airball' for 'balloon'

Error Classification

Global error

hinders communication→ must correctwrong word order, inappropriate lexis

Local error

message still delivered→ not necessarily correctmorphological markers 누락

Overt error

sentence levelclearly ungrammatical

Covert error

grammatically OKdiscourse level — context에서 해석 불가

Correction 범위 (학습 목표별)

Fluency 목표

Global error만 교정

Accuracy 목표

Global + Local 모두 교정fossilization 예방

💬 ④ Corrective Feedback Types ★★★ 최빈출 ▼

Type	Implicit/Explicit	특징	예시
Recast	Implicit	erroneous utterance 재구성 · flow 유지 · positive+negative evidence · 학습자가 confirmation으로 오해 가능	S: "I goed." T: "Oh, you went?"
Clarification request	Implicit	self-repair 유도 · communication breakdown 가능 · 가장 효과적	"I'm sorry?" / "Pardon?"
Metalinguistic feedback	Implicit/Explicit	오류 성격 설명 · correct form 제공 X	"What is the past tense?"
Elicitation	Implicit/Explicit	incomplete sentence/question → self-correct 유도	"He comes... / We are...?"
Explicit correction	Explicit	오류 직접 명시 + correct form 제공	"No, not 'goed', say 'went'."
Repetition	Implicit	오류 부분만 반복 · intonation 변화	S: "I goed." T: "Goed?"

⚠️ Recast 핵심 정리 (★★★ 최빈출)

① Implicit · communicative flow 유지

② Positive evidence(correct form) + Negative evidence(오류 암시) 동시 포함

③ 학습자가 confirmation check로 오해 가능 → unsuccessful uptake

④ Meaning에 집중하느라 form 수정 인식 못할 수 있음

⑤ Intonational signal 추가 → explicitness↑

🔁 ⑤ Uptake · Modified Output · Pushed Output ★★★ 최빈출 ▼

개념	정의	핵심
Uptake	T's corrective feedback에 즉각적으로 뒤따르는 학습자 발화	successful / unsuccessful / no uptake / acknowledgement
Modified output	피드백 이후 실제로 수정이 이루어졌는지 여부	수정 여부 focus · not all uptake = modified
Pushed output	T가 학습자를 올바른 형태로 push하는 과정	not all pushed = modified output

🔑 3개념 구분 공식

Uptake = feedback 직후 즉각 반응 (수정 여부 무관)

Modified output = 수정 결과에 focus (successful / unsuccessful)

Pushed output = T가 push하는 과정 → 반드시 modified는 아님

Positive vs Negative Evidence

Positive evidence

model of correct form

Negative evidence

corrective feedbackpre-emptive / reactiveexplicit / implicit

🔧 ⑥ Modified Input Foreigner Talk · Teacher Talk ▼

Types of Modified Input

Care-taker talk

parents/babysitters → 아이 simplification · slow pronunciation

Foreigner talk

native speakers → 외국인 louder · simple vocab/grammar topicalization · repetition

Teacher talk

T → classroom Ss 교실 내 제공 input

Types of Input Modification

Simplification

complex → simple formlexical / grammatical

Elaboration

restate/repeat differentlypositive effect on SLA

Regularization

더 basic/explicit 형태 선택wide coverage lexical items

Sociocultural Implication of CF

Error correction = other-regulation → help L achieve self-regulation

Corrective feedback → step by step as scaffolding

Facilitates Ls' ZPD

❓ ⑦ Display Q · Referential Q · IRE · IRF ★★★ 최빈출 ▼

Display Q vs Referential Q ★★★

Display question

T already knows the answer 학습자 이해도 확인 목적 e.g. "What is the past tense of go?"

Referential question

T does NOT know the answer authentic communication 촉진 e.g. "What did you do last weekend?"

IRE vs IRF 기출 포인트

IRE (Initiation–Response–Evaluation)

T initiates → S responds → T evaluates display question 중심 teacher-centered · form check

IRF (Initiation–Response–Feedback)

T initiates → S responds → T gives feedback referential question 가능 더 authentic한 interaction

개념 정리 노트