Ch.7 Teaching Listening

📋 목차

① Background

② Input

③ Authentic Materials

④ Functions

⑤ Processing

⑥ Practice Types

⑦ Strategies

⑧ Lesson Format

⑨ Activities

⑩ Principles

키워드 ★★★ 최빈출 ★★ 빈출 ★ 기본개념 부키워드

📝 기출분석 포인트

① Bottom-up / Top-down 특징 구분 → 최빈출

② Pre-listening: schemata 활성화 · signpost Qs · critical vocabulary

③ Predicting-Monitoring, Inferencing, Selective listening 강조

④ Note-taking = cognitive strategy (listening practice는 기출 많지 않음)

⑤ Post-listening skill integration 출제 가능

🧠 ① Background Knowledge in Listening Schematic Knowledge ▼

Core Principle

The lack of shared schematic information makes comprehension difficult or even impossible.

Paused Listening Tasks 기출 포인트

Paused listening tasks: An effective technique that shows the presence of relevant schematic knowledge facilitates comprehension.

T divides recordings into segments → plays at regular intervals of pauses

During each pause: Ss write the topic they believe + words/phrases that made them think so

Pausing = a kind of scaffolding → enhances metacognitive awareness

Clues activate competing content schemata

→ Process-oriented listening: develops effective self-regulating skills

Content schemata

world / topic knowledgesociocultural knowledge

Formal schemata

rhetorical / discourse structure글의 형식에 대한 사전 지식

📥 ② Input Roughly / Finely-tuned · Authentic ▼

Roughly-tuned vs Finely-tuned Input

Roughly-tuned input

학습자 숙달도에 대략적으로 맞춤 ≈ natural usage of language authentic material · focus on meaning

Finely-tuned input

학습자가 배운 구조·어휘만 포함 carefully controlled graded readers · target grammar 예시

Concocted Texts vs Authentic Texts 기출 포인트

Concocted texts: give false expectation about real-life listening experiences → transfer 방해

Unnaturally lower speed → damages text authenticity

✅ Better: pauses between phrases and sentences

Authentic texts: expose Ss to naturalness of lg · real-life listening experience

🎯 ③ Strategies for Authentic Materials 3 Strategies ▼

Simplifying the tasks

언어(lg) 유지 task를 단순화 self-confidence↑ · motivation↑

Grading the texts

텍스트 자체를 난이도 순으로 배열 lower-level → advanced

Staging the listening

활동을 점진적으로 구성 simple → demanding

🔑 핵심 구분

Simplifying = task 단순화 (≠ language 단순화)

Grading = 텍스트 수준별 배열

Staging = 활동 점진적 구성 (같은 텍스트 가능)

🗣️ ④ Functions of Listening Transactional · Interactional ▼

Transactional function

message-oriented propositional / factual information 전달 confirmation checks 사용 giving & obtaining goods/services

Interactional function

person-oriented social relationship 형성·유지 phatic communion e.g. "Nice day, isn't it?"

⚙️ ⑤ Comprehension Processing ★★★ 최빈출 ▼

Bottom-up Processing

Listening is a process of decoding the sounds that one hears in a linear fashion. Moving from the parts to the whole.

Focus on linguistic form

Exercises: a) structural system of English 다루기 b) listening for details — discrete items 선택

Top-down Processing

Ls actively reconstruct the original meaning using incoming sounds as clues + prior knowledge of context and situation.

Focus on meaning · global listening strategies

Relies on extralinguistic skills

Contextual clue + Schemata = Reconstruct meaning

Interactive Processing 기출 포인트

Top-down and bottom-up processing are simultaneously used. Caters to individual learning styles.

Level-differentiated lesson: beginners → bottom-up focus

Level-differentiated lesson: advanced Ls → top-down focus

📋 기출 이력

2013 Q26 — 읽기 교수의 상향식·하향식 처리(top-down, bottom-up)

2022 A-8 — top-down processing, bottom-up processing, interactive processing 정의 매칭

2024 A-8 — 듣기 전략과 top-down/bottom-up processing

🎧 ⑥ Types of Listening Practice 6 Types ▼

Type	Definition	Key Feature
Reactive	Surface structure 듣고 repeat back to T	pronunciation drill
Intensive	Repeatedly decode input for lg analysis / specific strategies	bottom-up · shorter text · repeated replay
Responsive	T's short utterance → Ss make appropriate response	T 'pushes' output
Selective	Planned purpose → gather specific info (signaled prior)	scanning 유사 · longer discourse · field-independent
Extensive	Longer stretch of speech · long-term goal	top-down skills · unfamiliar/variety of speakers
Interactive	Speaking과 통합 · authentic give and take	Ls take a leading role

⚠️ 혼동 주의

Reactive = repeat back (≠ Responsive)

Selective = longer discourse (≠ Intensive = shorter)

Extensive = top-down skills (≠ Intensive = bottom-up)

🗺️ ⑦ Listening Strategies ★★ 기출 빈출 ▼

Strategy	Definition	Stage
Predicting	Talk about content about to hear → activates schemata	Pre
Gist listening	Understand only a topic (global)	While
Scanning	1~2 pieces of specific info without every word	While
Listening for detail	Several pieces of detailed info · intensively	While
Inferencing	Between the lines · analyze/interpret/evaluate beyond factual info	While
Monitoring	Notice what understood/not · confirm predictions	While
Clarifying	Ask Qs + feedback to speaker to enhance understanding	While
Evaluating	Check how well understood	Post
Responding	Personal, relevant response to information presented	Post

🔑 Metacognitive strategies (기출 포인트)

Predicting(pre) · Monitoring(while) · Evaluating(post) = metacognitive

Note-taking = cognitive strategy (selective listening)

Inferencing ≠ Scanning: Inferencing = between the lines / Scanning = pick out specific info

📋 ⑧ Format of Listening Lesson ★★ Pre / While / Post ▼

① Pre-listening ★★ 기출 포인트

Pre-teaching critical vocabulary: facilitates comprehension · do NOT pre-teach ALL unknown words · teach lexical chunks too

Establishing context: provide contextual info related to excerpt

Creating motivation:

Signposting Qs

T-provided · guide direction

Generating Qs

S-created · title 제공 → S가 질문 생성

Activating schemata: brainstorming / visuals

② While-listening

Extensive phase (1st): general idea 파악 · confirm predictions

Intensive phase (2nd+): T provides pre-set Qs → Ss find specific info · submit answers

Comprehension checking: Doing · Choosing/matching · Transferring · Transcribing · Answering · Condensing · Extending

③ Post-listening 기출 포인트

Skill integration: integrate other skills (speaking/writing/reading) with listening

Functional lg: T draws attention to functional uses (refusing, apologizing...)

Inferring unfamiliar vocabulary: controlled practice

Reflection: reflect on learning · plan for next listening

Checking comprehension / summarizing / discussion

Product vs Process Oriented Listening

Product-oriented

'Listen to learn' use what Ss comprehend → complete another activity write a report · give a speech

Process-oriented

'Learn to listen' focus on how understanding takes place metacognitive awareness↑ · self-regulation

✏️ ⑨ Listening Activities Dictation · Dictogloss · Info Transfer ▼

Dictation

Dictation: an imitative writing activity — T reads aloud in short phrase units with pauses → Ss write exactly what they heard.

Purpose: generate an exact/accurate replica

Unnatural · no regard in meaning

Variation: Cloze type of dictation

Dictogloss 기출 포인트

Dictogloss: A collaborative outcome task where Ls work together to reconstruct a text presented orally.

Ss utilize both bottom-up AND top-down strategies → interactive processing

Jigsaw Listening

Based on information-gap principle: different groups listen to different recordings → share information to complete the whole picture.

Cooperative learning 촉진

Information Transfer

Information Transfer: reinterpret and transform information from one mode to another (aural → visual representation).

Visual support → deep processing · more mental effort

Designed for scanning / selective listening → integrative activity

      💡 B-U = Bottom-up  ·  T-D = Top-down
    

Activity	Type	Processing	Key Feature
Dictation	Individual	Bottom-up	exact replica · no meaning
Dictogloss	Collaborative	Bottom-up + Top-down	reconstruct · cooperative
Jigsaw	Group	Top-down	info-gap · cooperative
Info Transfer	Individual/Group	scanning	aural→visual · deep processing

📌 ⑩ Principles + ETC Level-based · Back-channeling ▼

Beginning Ls

Use a variety of tasks Build on success Do NOT teach strategies cf. threshold hypothesis

Intermediate Ls

Teach listening strategies Balance: comprehension practice + listening for acquisition

Advanced Ls

Teach culture as well as lg Help understand structure of longer texts

Back-channeling

Back-channeling: Signals that listeners give to speakers to let them know that they are attending.

Verbal

yeah · um · ah · uh-huh

Non-verbal

nodding · shrugging · facial gestures

개념 정리 노트